Healthyvives Health Blog

Lack of protein-energy is the cause of malnutrition. The first thing is that due to inadequate food intake resulted malnutrition. Protein-energy malnutrition is divided in two distinct syndromes. One is Kwashiorkor and another one is Marasmus. 1st is caused by a deficiency of protein in the presence adequate energy and 2nd is caused by combined protein and energy deficiency. Kwashiorkor is also caused where food containing proteins are insufficiently abundant, and Marascus also caused where adequate quantities of food are not available. Kwashiorkor results acute illness, such as trauma, sepsis and burns. Marascus results chronics diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease congestive, heart failure, cancer, or AIDS. We find out that protein-energy malnutrition affects every organ system. As affect of protein-energy malnutrition losses the body weight. It also affects on respiratory function.here vital capacity and tidal valume are depressed, and mucociliary clearance is abnormal. Disorders of vitamin metabolism caused so many diseases. Such as thiamin (vitamin.B1) early deficiency includes anorexia, muscle cramps, paresthesias, and irritability. Thiamin advanced deficiency primarily affects the cardiovascular system or the nervous system. it also caused wet beriberi, after that it caused dry beriberi. Riboflavin (vitamin.B2) deficiency occurs, deficiency of other vitamins, dietary inadequate, alcoholism, inter-action of medications and protein-calorie under nutrition. Deficiency of riboflavin caused cheilosis, angular stomatitis, glossitis, seborrhea, dermatitis, weakness, corneal vascularization and anemia etc. Niacin deficiency caused by niacin deficiency. It is also call nicotinic acid. Niacin deficiency common complaints anorexia, weakness, irritability, mouth sorencess, glossitis, stomatitis, and weight loss, and lastly pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia. Deficiency of vitamin B6 commonly occurs from interaction with medications, like as isoniazid, cycloserine, penicillamine, oral contraceptives and alcoholism. Vitamin B6 results glossitis, weakness and irritability. Even results in peripheral neuropathy, anemia, and seizures. Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency is caused by inadequate of fruits and vegetables diet. It is occurs gastrointestinal tract. Vitamin C deficiencies are due to dietary inadequate, which not ate fruits where vitamin C is available. Vitamins c deficiencies are nonspecific and include malaise of scurvy develop. Vitamin A deficiency is caused due to fat malabsorption syndromes or mineral oil laxative abuse, vitamin A results night blindness. Calcium and vitamin D deficiency can be cause hypocalcaemia. Vitamin E deficiency causes malabsorption. Due to vitamin E results liver disease and biliary Artesia. However some cultural factors significantly influence health and sickness in society. Certain types of ailments are significantly correlated with such factors as class, occupation, ethnicity and food habits. Hypertension, diabetes and ulcers may be regarded as urban disease, generally connected with sedentary occupations. Environmental pollution, brought about by technological advancement, is now identified as one of the major causes for the growing incidence of cancer. Food habits, particularly the consumption of fatty foods and high salt intake, are significantly correlated with cardiovascular diseases. A culture generally defines what diseases are to be considered as illness, and therefore requiring treatment.several tribal communities in the south pacific islands, the Kirghiz of turkey, certain African , the Austrian aborigines and the Eskimos use no salt in their diet.so such as high blood pressure are unknown among them.

The major components of our food are carbohydrates, protein, fats, vitamins and minerals. These components provide energy, help in growth and developments and repair of the damaged parts of the body. They also develop resistance to diseases. A balanced diet contains all the nutrients and its varies according to the need of the body. The deficiency of these nutrients in food causes deficiency diseases. Malnutrition is the main cause of these diseases. Excessive intake of nutrition’s also leads to the abnormal functioning of the body. obesity and hypervitaminosis are examples of overnutration. Living organisms constantly interact with the environment. Disequilibrium is the environment may lead to diseases in living beings. In additional to extrinsic factors, disease may also arise due to intrinsic reasons or factors. Organic or metabolic diseases are caused due to intrinsic factors.
Lack of nutrients in the diet causes deficiency diseases and Deficiency of carbohydrates, proteins and fast leads to protein, energy malnutrition. Also Anemia, goiter, rickets and osteomalacia are common mineral deficiency diseases.
Some of the important diseases caused by the deficiency of Vitamins are: night blindness, beriberi, pellagra, scurvy, rickets etc. proteins, carbohydrates and fat deficiency leads to protein, energy deficiency diseases. This is the most common nutritional disorder which affects children in our country in the age group of 1 to 5 years. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are also very common. About 1% of pre-school children in India and other Developing countries suffer from kwashiorkor. Diseases like marasmus are caused due to the inadequacy of diet in children below the age of one year. The main cause of marasmus is the deficiency of carbohydrates, protein and fats. This is very common disease among the poor people. This disease can be controlled by giving adequate amounts of all the above nutrients.
The deficiency of vitamin A leads to night blindness in which persons cannot see in dim light. Beriberi is caused by the deficiency of vitamin B. Pellagra is common in those people who are mainly maize caters. The deficiency of vitamin C and vitamin D causes scurvy and rickets respectively. Calcium and phosphorus are two minerals which make our bones and teeth strong. The deficiency of these minerals causes rickets in children and Osteomalacia in adults. In rickets the bones become twisted or bent. This disease can be prevented by giving cod liver oil and proper exposure to sunlight. In Osteomalacia bones become soft and fragile. This disease occurs due to the deficiency of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D in food. It is common in women, especially when they are in pregnancy and during the lactation period. Milk and liver are rich sources of calcium and phosphorus. Their intake in adequate quantities improves the patient’s health. Mineral deficiency can also lead to deficiency diseases. Anemia can be identified when the person looks pale, tire easily, feels exhausted and loses weight. Iron deficiency results in hemoglobin deficiency in the blood. This disease can be cured by taking an adequate amount of iron in the diet. The deficiency of iodine in the diet leads of goiter. In goiter, the neck seems swollen, the body weight increases, and disorders of the nervous system leads to imbalance in the body. This disease is very common in hilly areas.

Why you use the method contraception, answer is very easy, to avoid unavoidable pregnancy. Contraception as a process used for all measures temporary or permanent designed to prevent pregnancy. There are two method of contraception used. One is temporary and another is permanent. The risk associated with contraception is much less than risk of pregnancy.M.T.P and child birth for high risk woman, therefore it is better avoiding pregnancy by use of contraceptives. There are so many methods for contraception. Like as follows;
Period of breast-feeding
Customary separation of abstinence of marital partners after birth of baby
Sex with out penile vaginal intercourse
Withdrawal method
Fertility awareness methods.
Breast feeding: – if you practice breast feeding 6 hourly and menstrual period has not returned. Breast feeding can be used as an effective methods of contraception for six months provided she practice exclusive breast feeding , take care that no substitute of breast milk. Frequent sucking causes high level of prolactin secretion in the mother. High level of prolactine is associated with suppression of ovulation. After 6 months many women will begin to ovulate even if their menses have not returned. Hence breast feeding can no longer be effective after 6 months post-partum.
Customary separation of abstinence of marital partners after birth of baby: – in some communities by observing social customs, the separation of spouses after birth of baby for varying periods, conception is avoided.
Sex with out penile vaginal intercourse: – expression of caring and fondness of partners with out penis in or near the vagina e.g. touching, hugging, masturbating. In this system sperms never reach the vagina. No possibility of pregnancy if ejaculation does not occur in or near the vagina. But in this system sometime one or both partners may make objection.
Withdrawal method: – in this method, during sexual intercourse, erect penis is withdrawn just before ejaculation. Semen is discharged out side the vagina. It is widely practiced method all over the world, in all cultures and by people of all religious. In this system sperms dropping out side the vagina. Responsibility for contraception is shared by the male partner.no physical side effect is caused.
Fertility awareness methods:- every women learn recognize the fertile days of the menstrual cycle over several months and avoid intercourses or use the barriers methods on those days. There are many fertility methods as follows,
Calendar method
Cervical Mucus Method
Basal body temperature
Symptom-thermal method
Calendar method:-keeps record of 6 menstrual cycles and then calculates the fertile days. From the record, the longest and shortest cycles are chosen. Substract 20 from the shortest cycle and 10 from the longest cycle, e.g. shortest cycle is 26 days and longest cycle is 34 days (26-20=6 and 34-10=24). So abstinence or barrier method has to be practiced from day 6 to day 24 of the cycle.
Basal body temperature:- basal body temperature method identifies the day of ovulation but not the beginning of fertile period. In this method, intercourse is to be avoided during first half of cycle until 3 days after the temperatures has risen, or use backup barrier methods. Record the temperature every morning before getting up from bed as soon as the woman is awake. The special BBT thermometer is useful. Record the temperature on BBT chart as a dot and connect the dots with a line. When BBT has risen 0.2 to 0.5 degree F and remains elevated for 3 days, the fertile phase is over.
Cervical Mucus Method: – In Cervical Mucus Method fertile period is indicated by a sensation of wetness at vulva or when mucus is observed. To observe mucus, one can wipe vulva with a tissue paper when one feels or sees mucus unless the partner uses condom till 4 days after peak symptom day. Peak symptom day is the day of maximum mucus. During period, sex is to be avoided as blood may mask mucus. If unsure of presence of mucus, use of condom by male partner is essential. Spermicidal, vaginal infection, drugs and intercourse can affect normal pattern of woman’s cervical mucus. Mucus can be recorded on a daily basis in a chart.
Symptom-thermal method: – Symptom-thermal method combines cervical mucus method and BBT. Beginning of fertile period is indicated by cervical mucus or even by calendar method and the end of fertile period by BBT. Fertile period ends 4 days after peak mucus or 3 days after sustained rise of BBT which ever is later.
Another some systems are available for contraception like as use of condom both male and female condoms. Uses of spermicidal, spermicidal are available in the form of creams and foaming tablets or suppositories. Women can use oral contraceptive pill to avoid unwanted pregnancy. These pills are available in chemist stores and uses also very easy, using direction is written on the tablets. Some women using copper T to avoid unwanted pregnancy. Copper T 200 B is a ‘T’ shaped plastic device made of polyethylene and impregnated with Barium sulphate to make it radio-opaque. It is 3.6 cm in length and 3.2 cm in width. Copper is wound round its vertical stem. Its surface area is 200 mm and the thread is attached to the lower end of the vertical stem.
However the latest discovery and modified contraceptive for emergency use is emergency tablet. This tablet is use to avoid unwanted pregnancy within 72 hours of last intercourse. It is available in chemist stores. Bur it is not for a permanent contraception.

Accident is not planned but sometime it happened. What we need to do when unfortunately happen some physical troubles, we have not enough time to call a Doctor or it is far from hospital. Accidents and ailments may hit you suddenly, in the middle of the night or on a Sunday. In such condition here are some fast-faced ways to deal with some everyday emergencies you apply.
Headache: – our brain has built with one third of water, here dehydration cause a problem. As a result try to take 2 to 3 glass of water. If you are suffering from a migraine, brew a pot of coffee. Caffeine has a constricting effect on the arteries in our head, which can help us relieve pain.
Backache: – you can use ice to reduce swelling and the strain on your back muscles. Gently massage the spot for seven or eight minutes with the pack. Don’t apply ice directly to the skin. Place a hot water bottle on your bed. Put a plastic wrap over that and cover with a soft towel that has been placed in warm water and wrung out. Lie down on the towel positioning it against the painful part. You ma get off your feet and lie down. Hug your knees to chest. The move will feel soothing.
Ear ache: – you can turn on the hair dryer to a low or warm setting. Hold 18 inch to 20 inch from the ear and aim inside. Yawn to move the muscle that opens the Eustachian tube. This leads from the back of the throat to the mid ear.
Tooth ache: – tooth ache can be due to a cavity with impacted food. At first floss between the aching tooth and its neighbors. Placing an ice pack and against your jaw will help. Don’t use a hot water compress or gargle with hot water as this will cause the infection to spread and heighten the pain. Don’t soak a cotton ball into clove oil and apply gently only to the cavity or it will burn your gums, mouth or cheeks. You can try acupressure; apply ice to the web of skin between the thumb and the index finger on the same side as tooth. Don’t prod the area with a toothpick, don’t use clove oil.
Acidity or heartburn: – don’t lie flat. If you must lie down raise the head of your bed by 6 inches and sleep on your left so that acid in your stomach stays these and don’t get a chance to leak into the esophagus sensation. You may chew a gum, which increases saliva flow which in turn revitalizes stomach acid and washes it away from the esophagus. Place a cold towel over your ear to stimulate a branch of the vagus nerve that runs through the digestive tract. Gently massage the abdomen and use a hot water bottle.
Burns: – minor burns are red and painful, may ooze and blister, and are caused by sunburn, scalds and brief contact with oven coils. Flush it with lots of cold water for 15 to 30 minutes to ease the pain. Cover the burn with clean dry gauze and leave it alone, to begin the healing process. Potato skins dressing have also been used to good effect in burns treatment. Don’t try to butter it, and vinegar, honey, ink are also bad ideas.
Choking: – choking on food or a small object will clutch at the throat, breathe noisily, cough violently, turn blue. If you can’t talk or breathe, have some one give you the Heimlich maneuver, or do it yourself by ramming your stomach into a chair back. Bend an older child forward, lower the head and sit or stand behind him to perform the Heimlich maneuver.
Constipation: – you need liquid and fiber to spur your cranky colon, so mix a fruit smoothie. Toss an orange, a banana, and some frozen strawberries, a handful of wheat bran, some orange juice, and ice into a blender. Pour the concoction into your travel mug and head to work. By the you turn your pc on; you will be ready to download.
Diarrhea: – make your own ORD liquid with 5 teaspoon full. Sugar,juice, of 1 lime, pinch of salt in a liter of boiled and cooled water. An OTC sachet of electrolytes will also restore your bodies’ balance of water, sugar and salt. You can take tea, cola, juice, arrowroot or barley water and curd.
Electric shock:-first important thing is that disconnect the electric contact with switch off the main meter. If not remove the plug or wrench the cable frees. But protect yourself by wearing rubber boots, slippers, standing on a wooden box, a rubber or plastic mat. Use a brush, stick, wooden chair or wooden stool to push the source of the current away from the victim, or the victim away from the source of the current. Never touch the victim if your feet are bare or if you are using leather footwear. Cover the affected part with a clean sheet or towel to prevent the wound getting septic. Arrange to transfer to a hospital as soon as possible.
Fainting:-when you feel fainting, lie down flat with your legs raised to encourage more oxygen rich blood to flow into your brain. Take deep breaths. This works better than lowering your head between your knees, which is your next bet. Stay this way till you feel better.
Fever: – reduced temperature by removing all clothes and leaving a thin cotton sheet over the body. Sponge the skin with cool water. Apply a cool damp towel to the forehead. Turning on a fan but do not let it blow directly on you. Call a doctor if fever lasts for more twelve hours.
Foreign object in the eye: – attempt to remove only if it is floating on the whites or is stuck under the eyelid. Sit before a well-lit mirror, look up, and gently pull the lower lid down. If you can see the speck, pick it up with the corner of the tissue. If not ease the upper lid down over the lower, than slide back. or look down and lift the upper lid folding it back over a cotton swab. pick off the speck. Flush out the eye with plenty of water.
Hangover: – drink at least 2 glasses of water when you come home. have bland breakfast and a cup of coffee when you wake up. Drink a spicy vegetable juice or a virgin bloody Mary. The spices help dilate blood vessels, which could speed recovery by improving blood circulation.
Heart problems:-if you have a chest pain or angina, because not enough oxygen gets to the heart muscle, you need a tablet of angised or sorbitrate to place under the tongue. Now since the mouth need adequate moisture, and saliva is lessened because of apprehension, first swish the tongue with quarter teaspoon of salt water. Call doctor as early if not removed the chest pain.
Hiccups: – hold your breath as long as you can, then exhale slowly. Swallow a tea spoon of sugar or honey which may also increase saliva production, causing you to swallow more frequently. Sip ice water quickly, drink out of the side of the glass, and swallow crushed ice. Gently pull on the tongue, make a acupressure technique is to place both thumbs on your earlobe and shut your nostrils with your forefinger. Breathing in and out with your nose and mouth in a paper bag may work because carbon dioxide builds up in the air breathed in, which depresses the activity of the relevant nerves in the brain.
Indigestion:-buy a bottle of peppermint oil and mix a few drops with 2 tea spoons of sugar. Dissolve the mixture in half a glass of water. It should help reduce spasms in your intestinal tract.
Nose bleed: – bend forward after sit down. Pinch the nostrils firmly with the thumb and finger for 5 to 10 minutes. Apply cold compressed or an ice pack
Poisoning:- poisoning can be accidental or deliberate. If you suspect that your child has swallowed a poisonous chemical, give her a glass of milk to dilute it. Do not induce vomiting as this may cause further damage. If the poison is a caustic substance, such as bleach, upchucking could burn her esophagus twice. What’s more she may not be able to stop throwing up. That can cause irregular heartbeat or aspiration pneumonia, when fluid fills the lungs. Induce vomiting by irritating the back of the throat with your finger or a blunt spoon handle. In both case, go to an emergency room stat and take the suspected bottle with you.
Splinter:-if you have a splinter, which you cannot see, place a piece of adhesive tape over the sore spot, then pull off straight and sideways. If one part projects from the skin, numb the area with an ice cube, then wash with soap or water. Using a flame sterilized pin, slit the skin just over the end of the splinter, and lift it up, then full the splinter out with clean tweezers. Wash and cover with a band Aid.
Shock: – can be caused by internal or external loss of blood, a drop in blood pressure resulting from vomiting, diarrhea, and burn. Watch out for pale clammy skin, a mean rapid pulse, shallow quick breathing. Lay him down raise his legs to just above hip height to channel blood to vital areas. Cover with a blanket. Don’t let him eat, drink or smoke in case he needs anesthesia. Moisten his lips and put into the recovery position and call an ambulance to go hospital.
Wounds: – apply heat which helps healing faster, because it dilates the blood vessels in the area of an injury, which increases blood flow and oxygen. This seems to accelerate the production of collagen, which aids the healing process. Use a hot water bottle or warm moist towel in a plastic bag for 15 to 30 minutes, four to six times a day. If it seems heavy bleeding apply direct pressure on the bleeding area by covering the wound with a rolled up cloth. If blood soaks through the bandage, apply another cloth on top of the original one, then secure with a bandage or strip of cloth.

What is alternative medicine? The answer is very easy to reply, the use and applications of medicine instead of Allopathic, i.e. western traditional medicines is called alternative medicines. It is true that only the western medicines are not the approach to health and healing. There are so many systems existing in treatment history. Like as; naturopathy, homeopathy, traditional Chinese medicine, ayurveda, etc. by these medicine we can treat the whole person, mind and body over human society. Here a few discussion about those medicines.
Naturopathy: – this is the system formed mainly in India in ancient period, almost all over the world it was existed in contemporary ages. But the actual time was unknown. The emergence of naturopathy is for the need of people at ancient time, the emphasis is on supporting health rather than fighting disease. This form of medicine relies on natural remedies, such as sunlight, air and water, along with natural, supplements to promote well being. But it was not with out side affect natural herbs and supplements can have potentially dangerous side affects or interactions with certain drugs. Also practitioners can range from accredited, degreed naturopathic physicians to those with almost no training at all about total system of naturopathy.
Homeopathy: – as a system of alternative medicine homeopathy is very popular now a days. It believes that the body can heal itself. But this system is very lengthy, as people are treated based on many factors, such a body type, genetics and personal health history, and physically emotional and mental health symptoms. It is considered to be generally safe, but limited in the standard medical literature, homeopaths system believe that a disease can be cured by treatment with a substance that produces similar symptoms in healthy people. It also belief as the law of minimum dose, very small doses of high diluted substances stimulate the body to heal itself and that the diluted medicines still retains its original essence.
Traditional Chinese Medicine: – traditional Chinese medicine system originated in ancient china and has evolved over thousands of years. It is such health system that, approach includes many methods of treatment, although Chinese herbs and acupuncture are the most common. Traditional Chinese medicine include, the world is shaped by opposing, yet completely, force, the basis for yin-yan theory. Health depends on the harmonious balance of energy circulating through pathways in the body. Symptoms and conditions can be categorized using these eight principles, cold, heat, interior, exterior, excess, deficiency and yin yan. Five natural elements, fire, earth, metal, water and wood, reflect how our bodies work and correspond to different organs and tissues.
Ayurveda:-the word “Ayurveda’ means science of life. Ayurveda take its cures from the universe, these medicines are all about balance in one’s life. from the time of born our balance in life started, as a newborn, you possessed innate qualities that helped to frame your physical and mental patterns. The essence of who you are at the start of your life is called prakriti. At the other end of the spectrum is vikruti, which is who you are today. Vikruti is basically your prakriti combined with all that has affected you throughout life, this includes yours friends, what you choose to eat, the type of work you do, your hobbies. Ayurvedic practitioners consider carefully what dosha is of greatest influence in a person. Before identifying what disease may be at work, the practitioner needs to understand who the person is and if there’s great discord in the person’s life between the innate and the current self. Ayurveda considers everything you encounter to have therapeutic value. Whatever you come in contact with, the foods you eat, how you dress, the way you sleep, what you see and hear, affects you in some fashion and shapes you. Ayurveda consider the variables in our environment, it takes steps to counter discord in your life, ayurveda consider food as medicines and ayurvedic medicines practices appear to be safe and affective. But good quality scientific studies on ayurvedic practices are limited.

Erotic capital is a good condition of physical and mental attributes. It is like body fitness, good grooming, superior social skills and sex appeal. These qualities make a person powerful and it is an asset also. Of course, the more of each element of erotic capital you possess the higher would be your overall erotic net worth. This concept has largely been written about in relation to woman; through men are equal procreatory of erotic capital.
How to maximize the erotic capital here are some tips that maximize the erotic capital.
Physical fitness: – owner of a high erotic net worth is practically synonymous with being in shape. A sexy body indicates virility and vigor, which in woman’s minds translate into stamina and dynamite sack sessions. If you are aimed for V-Shape, you can achieve it through a combination of weight lifting and cardie. But if you are in over weight it is very difficult to motivate others. The right clothes will also go a long way toward creating the illusion of perfect body.
Social Skills: – if you feel extremely nervous in interpersonal interactions, it, is possible to turn your social anxiety around and become the guy in the room that every one gravitates toward. Men with a high erotic net worth are charming, persuasive, playful, witty, same time, recognize that being the most interesting man at the party does not always involve dominating the conversation. The capacity to laugh at you and take life is mishaps in stride shows self-confidence, which is infinitely more appealing than being upright.
Sex appeal: – you need to have a sex appeal. What you do need is the right body language, a healthy dose of confidence, a talent for flirting and amazing cologne. where as closed body language, typified by crossing your arms across your chest, keeping your hands in yours pocket and slouching, give of the impression that you are a defensive person. Generally women are programmed to pay attention to smell when selecting a mate, you should also choose your fragrance wisely, doing your best to track down the juice that complements yours natural body odor. Use humor to flirt and learn to read female body language.
Sexual competence: – while processing the previously mentioned elements of erotic capital will certainly increase your chances of finding yourself between the sheets with a potential mate, poor performance in this department will send your erotic stock plummeting. Fortunately, sexual skilled are learned rather than innate, so start reading erotic related articles and books to improve your power on erotic capital. Focus on finding way to increase your sexual stamina, such as yogic practices and free-hand exercises. Equally important in enhancing your sexual competence is figuring out the fine point involved , in giving great oral sex and committing to the time involved. It takes most women 20 minutes to achieve orgasm on average and a mind blowing finish will immediately secure a top spot on her list of lovers.
Self presentation: – wear a style dress and styled hair that all have a major impact on the first impression you create. Sure over time, many people might to be able to get, past greasy hair and tattered jeans to see the real you. But being negligent about your grooming routine and your wardrobe will cost you on the job in terms of salary and in the dating realm. To dress your best know where to splurge and when to save. Develop a signature style by determining what colors and cuts are most flattering on you. Stylish men have in common ability to wear trend without looking like fashion victims. Their secret is limiting themselves to one or two trend-driven pieces per outfit and ensuring that the rest of what they are wearing is classic. Be diligent about keeping your facial hair in cheek and whiten your teeth every six months.

According to encyclopedia Britannica,’ Adolescence is the time in a young person’s life between childhood and adulthood”. It is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood. The duration is between age 10-19, some where it is 12-19, and 12-20 years, it is also called teenager.
The adolescence period is very crucial; this period is the formative years in the life of an individual when major physical, psychological and behavioral changes take place. It is also an impressionable period of life. This is the period of preparation for undertaking greater responsibilities including healthy responsible parenthood. Future of a society depends on adolescents and they form a great human resource for the society and human being. The problems of health of adolescents are very different from those of younger children and older adults. Due to accurate information, adolescents are prone to various behavioral and reproductive health problems. The period of transition from childhood to adult-hood is hazardous for the adolescent’s health because they develop behavioral problems in absence of proper guidance and counseling.
In adolescent period girls physical changes may begin at around 10 years and it may reach their maximum growth by around 14 years, it is called puberty. But the puberty in boys usually appears later than in girls. In the time of puberty of boys begin with change in voice, growth of hair on chin, under arms, face, chest and public region. Sperm
Production start, occasionally penile erection and involuntary ejaculation also occur.
First menstruation which occurs in a young girl at around 12 years, and it is often recognized as the onset of maturity in girls. It is called menarche, but there are variation in the age at which menarche occurs. Good nutritional status will lower the age at menarche, which means girl will attain menarche earlier, while in malnourished girl’s menarche is delayed. If menstruation is not started by 16 years guardian should counsel with physician.
The nutritional requirement of adolescents is more due to rapid growth spurt and increase in physical activity. During this period, the adolescent are encouraged to develop healthy eating habits and life style. In this stage they need more of all nutrients particularly calcium, iodine and iron.
Adolescent is a time for exploration adventure and discovery on ones own body and one’s capability and potential. Some times this can lead to confusion and to experimentation with harmful substances like drugs, alcohol, risky driving and risky behaviors. During this transition period from childhood to adulthood due to rapid physical and sexual changes in the body, the adolescents develop anxiety and apprehension. Often adolescents hesitate to make communication about sexual development and other related matters with elders. In such situation they are not given appropriate information and education on these normal physical, sexual and psychological changes they are prone to health risk behaviors such as sex experiments and drug abuse leading to teenage pregnancy, contracting HIV/AIDS, RTI/STI, injuries, accidents, violence, rape, suicide, homicide etc. some other problems originating during adolescence may have lifelong consequences like use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and harmful substance.
Adolescent’s health problems is a normal and nature matter. They should be taking an initiative protection of health. They also need to take care of personal their hygiene. They should follow like as to clean hands thoroughly before and after taking food and after going toilet, clean teeth and tongue twice daily once in the morning after leaving bed and second time before going to bed at night, bath daily, they should keep the groin clean and dry otherwise fungal infection, leading to the itching and other skin diseases. Boys clean “Smegma” during bathing and after urination.
During adolescence there is widespread ignorance among adolescents about risks associated with unprotected sexual activity, since adolescent sexuality remains taboo in many societies, unprotected sex may lead to unwanted pregnancy which is tern may lead to increased demand for induced abortion. Also pregnancy among unmarried girls may lead them to seek abortion services from untrained practitioners and become victims of consequence complications. Termination of unwanted pregnancy through induced abortion among adolescent girls cause greater risk to life than in adult women, even if pregnancy continues tendency to hide the same to avoid proper antenatal care among adolescents may lead to serious complications of pregnancy and child birth. It is also very risk to early married at very young age which leads to consequent early child bearing. They may suffer from anemia, retarded foetal growth; premature birth and complication during labour are significantly higher for adolescent mothers and may even lead to death. Unprotected sex among adolescents is the change of infection from Sexual transmitted disease which includes syphilis, gonorrhea and HIV/AIDS.
What may be our duty as a guide or guardian for adolescents? We inform them to use condom to provide and protection against unwanted pregnancy and STD, HIV/AIDS. They also need for practice of safe sex to avoid sexual transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancy. Adolescents have to right to complete, correct and detailed knowledge and information relating to their developments; physical and psychological. Educate the community members as well as adolescents about the normal physical changes with special reference to nutrition and health needs of them. Parents and adult in the family must ensure a safe secure and supportive environment for the adolescents during their formative years of growth and development. Family members need to be informed and educated in this regard. A positive encouraging attitude among parents and family members to interact with adolescents and to give clarifications and correct information on their doubts will facilitate better relationship of trust and confidence.

Among infant deaths more than half percent new born died in first 28 days. Most of these deaths occur during first week of life. The major causes of these deaths are due to birth asphyxia, hypothermia and infection. Care of the mother during antenatal period and delivery, provision of essential care to the newborn at birth and during the neonatal period will have a significant impact on neonatal and infant mortality rates.
Where the delivery takes place that room should be clean, well ventilated and adequately lighted. During delivery period clean hands, clean surface, clean scissors and blade, clean cord tie and clean cord stump. Newborn should be place under heating sources, radiant may warmer and newborn should be received at birth in a dry, warm and clean cloth. The wet cloth of newborn should be discarded to prevent hypothermia after drying the newborn. The head of the baby should be wiped first, but not the vernix caseosa and also baby should be wrapped in a clean and dry cloth.
The umbilical cord of the baby must be cut with a sterile scissors about 2.5 cm from the abdominal skin surface. Baby’s cord should be tied with a sterile cord tie. Take care for stump for bleeding. Use another cord tie if bleeding. But do not use antiseptic or dressing and anything to the cord. Clean the eyes with clean cotton swabs using one for each eye. Clean from medial to the lateral side of the eye. Do not bathe the newborn; bathing may be delayed for one week but wipe the baby with soft cloth. Keep the labour room warm during this procedure or it can be lead to hypothermia. Weight the baby by using infant weighing scale. Wrap the baby in a single layer of linen during weighing. If the baby weight is less than 2500 gms then the baby is low birth weight. Baby should be kept with the mother for skin to skin contact and put to the breast immediately, if the baby’s weight is more than 2000 gms and less than 2500 gms. If the baby is very small that less than 2000 gms weight, baby must be examined by medical officer. The baby with birth weight above 1800 gms and less than 2000 gms who are sucking well and do not show any signs of illness can be managed at home atmosphere.
Breast feeding begins early as soon as possible after birth if the newborn do not show any signs of illness. It should be initiated within an half an hour after birth. This will provide nutrition, warmth and emotional bonding to the baby. This will also ensure early involution of the uterus and decreased risk of post partum bleeding of mother. Feeding is given whenever the baby demands. Encourage the mother to continue feeding as long as the baby needs. Advise her to feed the baby alternately on both breasts. At births, amniotic fluid, which covers the body of the newborn, evaporates causes heat loss. This can be prevented by dying, wrapping and putting the baby under heated environment or by close contact covered with a cap and the feet with shocks. The temperature should be within 36.5 to 37.5 c.
Be careful for infection and injury. Use clean cloth linen and equipment, also practice to minimize risks of infection. Baby should not be taken to the crowded areas, the zero dose of OVP and BCG should be given to the baby , mother must be informed about the immunization schedule and she need to bring her baby regularly for vaccination. If a baby does not cry or breathe till the time taken for drying and wrapping within 20-30 seconds after delivery or the baby is blue or limp then the resuscitation must be initiated immediately. But attention about this, most newborns cries spontaneously after birth. Do not slap the baby or hang it upside.
Attention:
All newborn less than 1800 gm need special care.
Take care for lethargy, fast breathing or chest indrawn, apnoea, abdominal distension, cyanosis, pathological jaundice, diarrhea, convulsions etc.
Danger Sign:
Not able to feed, increased drowsiness, difficult breathing or fast breathing, cold or hot touch, yellow staining of palm and soles, convulsions.

The term ‘Adolescence’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Adolescence’ meaning “to grow’, ‘to mature’. It covers a period of seven or eight years, normally from 12 to 20 years, some where 12 years to 18 or 19 years.
Stages of Human being Time frame
Prenatal Before birth
Infancy 0 to 1 year
Early childhood 1-3 years
Preschool 3-6 years
School Childhood 6-12 years
Adolescence 12-20 years
Young adulthood 20-30 years
Adulthood 30-50 years
Mature adult 50-65 years
Aging adult 65 years onwards
Adolescence is that span of years during which boys and girls move from childhood to adulthood mentally, emotionally, socially and physically.
This is the period of rapid physiological growth. At this stage changes in voice, change in weight, high and strength. At this stage social and psychological maturity takes place. Sexual maturity and the onset of sexual activity fulfilled in this time.
The adolescence not only increases in size or weight but all of their body alters; there are changes internal organs and body processes and subtle alterations in the composition of tissues. In males there is deepening of voice, the growth of the beard and the ability to produce semen. In girls there is the development of breasts changes in the uterine and the pelvic areas and the menarche. For both boys and girls we have the growth of the body hair particularly in the public and under arms areas, changes in contours of face and body, and the eruption of new teeth. Legs grow relatively longer up to 15 years and then stem length increases slowly. The bones increase not only in size but also in number. The chemical composition of the bones also changes. The nose becomes so prominent that it perplexes the sensitive boy. Sexual maturing, which is the most complicated process of growth and change at this stage of development, is the most prominent feature of adolescence. From 14 to 20 years of age there is a tremendous change in genital types, tests, ovary, epididymis, uterine tube, prostate urethra and seminal vesicles. A girl at 13 years looks practically a young woman but the other of the same age looks still a child. Such variability in the maturation rate is a striking feature of both sexes.
Factor of the disturbance for the emotional development of adolescence
Lack of security
Economic disparities
Fearful atmosphere
Emotional imbalance
Traditional concept of discipline
Disregard of individual difference
Lack of co-curriculum activities
Lack of sex education
Faulty examination system
Faulty curriculum
Role of guardian and teacher of the adolescence
Provide equal treatment irrespective of consideration of wealth status or gender of adolescence.
Boys and girls should give an opportunity for development of creating abilities i.e. through music, arts, drama, game and sport etc.
Provide healthy physical conditions and proper orientation.
Solve the curiosity also love and make affection.
Give due regard individual differences of the adolescence.
Give proper sex education to them.
Provide conductive environment.
Guardian and teacher should give students opportunities to solve problems and reason scientifically.
Every school has a responsibility for preparing able-bodied youths to serve the nation. sanitary conditions of school premises, a provision of well-ventilated school room, sufficient and well-planned programme of sports and games, periodical medical examination and dental care, are must for a good school. the school has to assume a wide responsibility in developing in its pupils social consciousness.