Healthyvives Health Blog

Cultural factors significantly influence health and sickness in society.Cialis (tadalafil) is a prescription impotence treatment that helps men with erection problems. Certain types of ailments are significantly correlated with such factors as class, occupation, ethnicity and foods habits. Hypertension, diabetes and ulcers may be regarded as urban disease, generally connected with sedentary occupation. Environmental pollution, brought about by technological advancement, is now identified as one of the major causes for the growing incidence of cancer. Food habits particularly the consumption of fatty foods and high salt intake, are significantly correlated with cardiovascular diseases. Several tribal communities in the south pacific island, the kirghis of Turkey, certain African tribes, the Australian aborigines, and Eskimos use no salt in their diet. There why high blood pressure is not a common disease for them. But in Eastern Finland one fourth of them use animal fat, so they are most prone to heart attacks. In most primitive societies, diagnosis and treatment of diseases are invariable associated with magical beliefs and rite and shamanistic practices. Violating ot taboos is also a causes of diseases in some cultures. In India this system are very often available in few illiterate societies. A culture generally defines what diseases are to be considered as illness, and this is why it needs treatments.

Health securities mean good health for all the society people. Health security aims at health benefits for all citizens on all measures. It aims at tackling the spread of diseases due to environmental change, danger of bio-terrorism, natural disasters; radioactive accidents etc. health is a community-based primary health care. But it is major difference between understanding and use of concept of the health security. Policymakers of the world systems for health in industrialized for the countries emphasize protection of their populations especially against external threats, as few example terrorism and pandemics; while and when health workers and policymakers in developing countries and within the United Nations system understand the term in a broader public health context. Indeed, the concept is used inconsistently within the UN agencies themselves, for example the World Health Organization’s restrictive use of the term ‘global health security’ There has been a great emphasis by W.H.O to take up health security as a collective responsibility by all nations as diseases spread fast and recognize no boundaries. Health security aims at tackling these, emerging diseases that are new and highly contagious. Chemical and radioactive threats. Changes in environment. H.I.V/A.I.D.S. Strengthening health systems.
The global health securely initiative has been set up to provide informal international partnership to strengthen health facilities in different countries. This is due to emergence of different global threats that have emerged in the world. Today, lot of focus is being given to emerging threats to health security. The W.H.O keeps a track of evolving infectious diseases and health threats and promotes preventive measures to tackle these health problems. These threats can be tackled by cross border co-operation and effective collaboration. Health issues require stronger strategic focus and closer international co-operation. Concept of health security for public is to alert public or mass about the health systems of their own communities.

Who are working at health care facility are at risk of getting infection. Diseases producing micro-organism live in reservoir like humans, animals and plants. From there they reach the susceptible individuals via skin, orofaecal route blood stream etc. you can break the disease transmission cycle by preventing the spread of infection. Clients are at risk of infection when appropriate infection prevention measures are not taken by the health personnel e.g. hand is not washed between clients or patients or the procedures, inadequate preparation of the client prior to clinical procedures or use of instruments or equipment which has not been appropriately disinfected. Health personnel and cleaning staffs are at significant risk of infection because they are exposed daily to the potentially infectious blood and other body fluids potentially contaminated instruments, linens and waste. Therefore appreciate infection prevention procedures can and should be adopted by every staff member of transmission is the easiest point to break in the diseases transmission cycle. While providing community health service to client this can be accomplished by, hand washing, aseptic techniques, correct disinfection of the instruments and others items for reuse, correct disposal of medical wastage. But remember that it is not always possible to know who is infected with HIV or Hepatitis.B which are various conditions and can lead to the death of the individual. Therefore any instruments needle, syringe or linen contaminated with body fluids or blood must be handled as through the client/patient is potentially infected. Therefore appropriate infection prevention measures must be taken to minimize transmission of infection.
Diseases transmission cycle
AGENT
Disease. Producing microorganism such as Hepatitis B and AIDS virus
—Susceptible Host—– —– Reservoir—–
—Person who can become infected—- —-place where agent lives—-
—Place of entry— —place of exit—
—Where the agent enters the next host— — where the agent leaves the reservoir—
——Method of Transmission—-

Dangers of pollution are many and various. Pollution means the process of making something dirty by adding harmful substances to it. The natural conditions in which human beings, others animals and plants live are polluted by the harmful substances. Chemical and smoke are such harmful substances. Dangers to living beings may assume different forms. Waste matters like chemical substances from factories pollute water. The air is also polluted. The carbon monoxide coming out of the exhaust pipes of motor vehicles pollutes the atmosphere. Accident like those of Bhopal gas leak in India and Chernobyl nuclear explosion caused the death of many people. Pollution of air is also responsible for long diseases like asthma. Soil is another victim of pollution. Human and animal are domestic waste pollute the soil. Then there is the pollution of the sound. The blaring of car horns and the harsh sound of the loudspeakers are nothing but a social menace. Dangers of pollution can be averted by shifting factories from the residential areas. Motor vehicles should use petrol and not diesel. If the government is alert and the public is conscious dangers of pollution will not be there.
Men are totally dependence on plants. We can say no. plant no man. The oxygen we breathe to keep alive is supplied by plants. For foods, clothes, shelter and various types of medicines, we depend on plants and trees. It is scientific fact that indiscriminate cutting down of trees in vast areas of tropical forest in Brazil, Indonesia and India has affected rainfall in these countries to some extent. Deforestation is causing dangerous erosion of the rich top-soil. It is an important cause of the silting up of the dams. It is also robbing the land of its natural fertility making agriculture totally dependent on artificial fertilizers. Since the area under forest cover is decreasing rapidly owing to the insatiable demands of man, the need for plantation is urgent. More and more trees must be planted in a systematic, planned manner by the government, non-government organizations like NGO’S and the local people. We must not forget the food chain. Its means that plants feed herb-eating animals which feed the flesh-eating animals and, in turn, they keep the forests healthy by keeping down the numbers of animals which would otherwise destroy the forests. More and more plantations are the need of the hour.

Green house effect is a major problem in ecology and environment. The rays of sun, when enter a glass enclosure, they get trapped inside it and are unable to come out. Trapping of sun energy by this process is called as the greenhouse effect. In nature we observe the trapping of sun’s energy between the earth surface and the surrounding atmosphere. There is thus a greenhouse effect in nature also. It is gases like chloro-fluro
Carbons and carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere, which are responsible for the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse effect essentially means saturation of hydrochloric carbons in the atmosphere. Hydrochloric carbons are emitted by Freon gas used in refrigeration and air conditioning or ammonia chloride in cold storage houses. The direct effect of greenhouse gases is to create ozone holes in the ozone layer around the earth, which prevents harmful infrared and other ultra violet rays from reaching the earth’s surface. Ozone hole is created when the ozone layer over a particular area is converted into oxygen. This happens when chlorine atoms attack ozone and take away an oxygen atom to form chlorine monoxide ozone holes. Through the holes ultraviolet rays can enter the earth. This will increase temperature of earth surface apart from harming human beings and animals with radiation and the ice caps around north and south poles will melt increasing sea levels everywhere. This may submerge many islands and coastal areas. Greenhouse effect thus poses a great threat to humanity and many countries have passed laws to restrict use of hydrochloric carbons. Environmental degradation is the degradation of the environmental through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil, the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife. Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation into the future. Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are emitted into the atmosphere, undergo chemical transformations and are absorbed by water droplets in the clouds. Acid rain kill fish, and it can slow the growth of forests, cause leaves and needless to turn brown and fall off and die. Soil biology can be seriously damaged by acid rain. Greenhouse effect is a major problem for human beings. But we need to control the greenhouse effect and we must have to decrease all the causes of greenhouse effect for future generation and for the present generation also. If we don’t try to maintenance for ecological balance and keeping for environmental balance, otherwise human societies bound to decline very soon. So the world societies have to take the problems in ecology and environment as a challenge to keep the world less affected by greenhouse gases. So we have to take oath as to keep this world green and within ecological balance, and we must try to decrease greenhouse gases in this world. We have try to free from facing an ecological crisis.

Water pollution is a challenge for human being. Pollution of fresh water is one of the most serious environmental problems of the world. Most of rivers and lakes are polluted and their waters are unfit for drinking. It was estimated that nearly 2/3 illness of in the country like a developing country India is related to water born diseases like, dysentery, diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, jaundice, hepatitis, etc. all types of water pollution are harmful to the health of humans and animals. Water pollution may not damage our health immediately but can be harmful after long term exposure. Different forms of pollutants affect the health of animals in different ways: Industrial waste often contains many toxic compounds that damage the health of aquatic animals and those who eat them. Heavy metals from industrial processes can accumulate in nearby lakes and rivers. These are toxic to marine life such as fish and shellfish, and subsequently to the humans who eat them. Microbial pollutants from sewage often result in infectious diseases that infect aquatic life and terrestrial life through drinking water. Microbial water pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary Surface water, groundwater, microbiological, oxygen depletion, nutrient, suspended matter, and chemical. Pollution has many different forms that are not only doing damage to our environment but also to our health. Water pollution is source of many waterborne diseases, and it is responsible for deaths. The effects of water pollution are varied and depend on what chemicals are dumped and in what locations. Many bodies of water near urban areas are highly polluted. The main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills life that inhabits water-based ecosystems. Dead fish, birds, dolphins, and many other animals often wind up on beaches, killed by pollutants in their habitat. Chemicals in water can be both naturally occurring and introduced by human interference and can have serious health effects. Fluoride in the water is essential for protection against dental caries and weakening of the bones, but higher levels can have an adverse effect on health Arsenic. Arsenic occurs naturally or is possibly aggravated by over powering aquifers and by phosphorus from fertilizers. High concentrations of arsenic in water can have an adverse effect on health. Lead. Pipes, fittings, solder, and the service connections of some household plumbing systems contain lead that contaminates the drinking water source. The UN reports (world environmental day 2003) that one person in six lives without regular access to safe drinking water. Over twice that number—2.4 billion people—lack access to adequate sanitation. Water-related diseases kill a child every eight seconds, and are responsible for 80 percent of all illnesses and deaths in the developing world. Cholera outbreaks, due to water contaminated with raw sewage, occur regularly in India and Bangladesh and less frequently in many other countries. In Africa in 1997, 5,853 deaths due to cholera were reported to the World Health Organization. It is a situation, the UN said, “made all the more tragic by our long-standing knowledge that these diseases are easily preventable.” So the matter of water pollution and affect in human health is a challenge for all.

Anarchy and Chaos are very disturbance for the human life. Eighteenth century was a time of utter chaos in Indian history. Anarchism put it’s from footstep in the Indian subcontinent and gradually the whole of the subcontinent came into its grip. The crisis of the eighteenth century is one of the most debated issues in Indian history. The loose control exercised by the central authority in Delhi over its provincial governors, the failure of the provincial governors and the authorities in collecting revenues from the local agrarian society, failure of quell agrarian revolts, the virtual collapse. Of communications and networks and consequently the failure of easy movement of goods and credit, the contraction of demand o n the part of mughal ruling class for manufactured goods and items of trade and total collapse of governance are some of the serious impacts of eighteenth century disintegration. The crisis of eighteenth century which is one of the most debated issues of the mode times. In the eighteenth century significance changes took place in the existing commercial and political systems. The political stability was disrupted throughout the country except some places like Bengal, Bombay etc. on the other hand places like Gujarat underwent a serious crisis in terms of political authority and economic stability. And yet given the degree of integration in the Indian economy, it was only natural that the crisis affected all the regions in one way or the other especially in the sectors of trade and exchange. The decline of the Mughal Empire and penetration of European commercial giants inside the Indian sub-continent had a far reaching effect on the social, economical and political structure of Indian subcontinent, the emergence of factional politics with death of Aurangzeb in 1707. Wide spread rural disturbance in the regions and eruption of Maratha raids and emergence of many regional powers and gradual strengthening of their position. In Gujarat itself the premier maritime suba of the Mughal Empire, the crisis assumed complex aspect. Due to constant Maratha raids the regions remain isolation from the hinterland. Besides rapid contraction of the hinterland deprived, Guajarati traders of the markets of northern and central India, where their import items were usually marketed. Of greater consequence was the collapse of the administration within the region after 1720, when the incursions of the Marathas and their occupation of the Athavisi in 1723. The Athavisis was a conglomerate of twenty-eight village from where surat had traditionally drawn her revenues. In surat collapsing revenue structure saw the administration taking a different course to a policy of mercantile taxation which met agitation but in vain, The loss of markets in Hindustan and an instable condition all over west Asia. Due to the increased volume of Gujarat’s exports the markets in the western Indian Ocean markets voyages proved unprofitable for others. In the following decades the situation worsened further with the expansion of the British private trade. Asian shipping gave way to British private trade as local freighters prepared to invest their cargo on European bottom in order to get rid of pirates. In a highly competitive market European traders began to dominate Indian markets. It was however instrumental in introducing the English east India company as a potential protector and political aspirant. The mass political crisis proved detrimental for surats export trade. The handy network was seriously undermined. By the 1760,s the problems of debased currency became serious. The Muslim shippers were the worst sufferer as they faced great loss from the competition of European private traders and their increasing political influence. The decline of surat was paralleled by the decay of Hooghly on the east coast. The increasing piracy in high seas forced more and more merchants to tie their cargo with English country shipping. In Bengal as else where English private trade strengthened. However the displacement of Asian merchants shipping, the rise of Calcutta and the English private traders and the articulation of their aspiration the fall out of commercial crisis of Hindustan did not bode-well. In the coming year expansion of English private trade in the Indian Ocean had far reaching effects.

copper was the first metal to be used in most parts of the world, followed by bronze. The later one is an alloy of copper with a low percentage of arsenic, lead or tin. The advantage of these metals is not necessarily that they can be melted and cast into a wide range of shapes and sizes of tools and weapons. Their working edges or point in the desired form made them more convenient to use. Some of tools made with copper were beveled-edge (bevel-an instrument for measuring angles.konmapak jantra) chisels (batali) in a range of sizes, toothed saws, adzes (bais) with sharp edges and heavy.-duty axes, in additional, copper is malleable (that may be beaten out by hammering). So it can be beaten into thin sheets or vessels (boat,ship, ferry, pot) of the desired shape. Metallurgy (datubidya) in the Paleolithic period came into its own when specialists produced objects for royal ancestor rituals as in china, or tools for unban workshops of the Mesopotamian temple and palace establishment or for mortuary cults as in Egypt. The infrastructure such as fuel, raw material and the day to day needs of metallurgists could be provided. For casting copper it melts at 1084*C- a higher temperature is required though for a short time, and the molten metal is quickly poured into a mould to set in the required shape. The ancient Egyptians are known to have used blow pipes and bellows to increase the oxygen supply in the kiln, thereafter the ore is melted by raising the temperature. Complex casting, with the use of closed mould and lost wax techniques, came into use in early dynastic Mesopotamia for temple statuary, for shaft holo axes used as weapons etc. beaten copper helmets were worn by warriors. Copper was acquired from the peninsula of Oman, and from several places in upland Anatolia and Iran. Egypt acquired copper from the peninsula of Sinai, a blue stone containing copper and aluminum phosphate. In south Asia excavated material of the period preceding the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa has produced very little metal. A few crucible fragments, and some pieces of rods and bangles, are the main finds. There were metal fishing hooks and razors for everyday use. Weighing scale pans were made of metal, for accuracy. Metal weapon included arrows, daggers, and sword blades; as elsewhere, there was weaponry both in bronze/ copper and in stone. The advent of metallurgy itself has been far speedier in china tha in western Asia. Stone tools are first attested around 2.6 Ma, When H.Habilis in Eastern Africa used so-called pebble tools, choppers made out of round pebbles that had been split by simple strikes. This marks the beginning of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age; it end is taken to be the end of the last Ice age around 10000 years ago. The Paleolithic is sub divided into the lower Paleolithic, the middle Paleolithic and the upper Paleolithic. the period from 700,000-300000 years ago is also known as the acheulean, when H.Ergaster made large stone hand axes out of flint and quartzite, at first quite rough, later retouched by additional more subtle strikes at the sides of the flakes. After 350,000 the more refined so-called levallois technique was developed. It consisted of a series of consecutive strikes, by which scrapers, slices, needles and flattened needles were made. At this way stone tools of Paleolithic period was developed.

The term ‘civil society’ was used by writers such as Locke and Rousseau to describe civil government as differentiated from natural society or the state of nature. The Marxist concept derives from Hegel. In Hegel, civil or bourgeois society, as the realm of individuals who have left the unity of the family to enter into economic competition, is contrasted with the state, or political society. For Hegel it is only through the state that the universal interest can prevail, since he disagrees with Locke, Rousseau or
Adam Smith that there is any innate rationality in civil society, which will lead to the general good. Marx uses the concept of civil society in his critique of Hegel. Marx uses civil society in his early writing as a yardstick of the change from feudal to bourgeois society. Civil society arose, Marx insists, from the destruction of medieval society. Previously individuals were part of many different societies, such as guilds or estates each of which had a political role, so that there was no separate civil realm. As these partial societies broke down, civil society arose in which the individual became all-important. The old bonds of privilege were replaced by the selfish needs of atomistic individuals separated from each other and from the community. The only links between them are provided by the law, which is not the product of their will and does not conform to their nature but dominates human relationships because of the threat of punishment. The fragmented, conflictual nature of civil society with its property relations necessitates a type of politics, which does not reflect this conflict but is abstracted and removed from it. The modern state is made necessary and at the same time limited by the characteristics of civil society. The fragmentation and misery of civil society escape the control of the state, which is limited to formal, negative activities and is rendered impotent by the conflict, which is the essence of economic life. The political identity of individuals as citizens in modern society is severed from their civil identity and from their function in the productive sphere as tradesman, day-laborer, or landowner. Although Gramsci continues to use the term to refer to the private or non state sphere, including the economy, his picture of civil society is very different from that of Marx. It is not simply a sphere of individual needs but of organizations, and has the potential of rational self-regulation and freedom. Gramsci insists on its complex organization, as the ‘ensemble of organisms commonly called ‘private’ where ‘hegemony’ and ‘spontaneous consent’ are organized. He argues that any distinction between civil society and the state is only methodological, since even a policy of non-intervention like laissez-faire is established by the state itself. The metaphors he uses to describe the precise relationship between the state and civil society vary. A fully developed civil society is presented as a trench system able to resist the incursions of economic crises and to protect the state. Whereas Marx insists on the separation between the state and civil society, Gramsci emphasizes the inter-relationship between the two. The state narrowly conceived as government is protected by hegemony organized in civil society while the coercive state apparatus fortifies the hegemony of the dominant class. Yet the state also has an ethical function as it tries to educate public opinion and to influence the economic sphere. In turn, the very concept of law must be extended, Gramsci suggests, since elements of custom and habit can exert a collective pressure to conform in civil society without coercion or sanctions.

Education is most important for Mental and Physical health. The impact of education on society, both on social, health and economic relations, is widely recognized due to studies and research on this subject. Economic benefits of education did not figure on the development agenda to begin with. The reason is that it is not immediately measurable. Even though this paper do not pay much attention to Economic benefits it is still important to stress the value of presenting economic benefits, since it is one of the most persuasive arguments in the attempts to change attitudes of governments concerning their higher priorities on fix the military and less priority to education and health sectors. Different studies in the last decades have shown that an increase in education enhance the economic growth. But other benefits such as the expansion of human capabilities are recognized as equally important outcomes of education. Improving individuals’ social and personal opportunities enables change in a society with unequal opportunities for development caused by traditional patterns of class, ethnicity and gender. According to Dreze and Sen, education has five intrinsic values for improving social and economic conditions in Third World countries, both benefits for communities and societies, as well as individual social benefits. First of all education gives personal benefits for the individual in terms of self-confidence leading to motivation and interests in society. Social interactions are easier when persons are capable of reading a newspaper about social and political issues in the community and the rest of the World. Secondly, education gives access to a wider range of job opportunities and in general enables persons to take advantage of economic opportunities and fix participate in local politics. Thirdly, a higher literacy rate facilitates public debates and demands for health care, social security and other needs. Public discussions enable people to hold politicians accountable for their promises of fix improvements in the social service sector. Information on ones society provides better possibilities for utilizing the service system. Fourthly, education indirectly prevents child labor, to the extent that implementation of legislation of basic education for all children, force parents to send their children to school which again gives less time for labor. Entering school broadens horizons for young people. Which means that meeting other children and young people could result in new ideas of different opportunities in the future? The fifth effect of education and literacy enables oppressed groups in a society to become politically organized. Being a larger group makes it easier to insist on ones rights and demands concerning social and politically issues. An organized group achieves visibility in the society and is harder to oppress. The ability to resist Oppression not only concerns disadvantaged groups in society, but education does also have positive effects within families when girls are being educated (Dreze & Sen 2002; 39). The expansion of the opportunity of education to include girls does not just enhance the capabilities of reading and writing, but is also a means to the promotion of gender equality, development and growth. Gender equality keeps the society undeveloped.