Healthyvives Health Blog

Investigated the effects of external reinforcement on intrinsic motivation in a puzzle-solving task in 96 undergraduates. Results support previous findings that money decreases intrinsic motivation while verbal reinforcements tend to enhance it. The beginning of a cognitive evaluation theory is discussed. It is concluded that although there is an apparently discrepant prediction between this theory and J. Adam’s inequity theory, the theories are not conceptually discrepant.
Maslow�s theory of motivation.Some body may Explore about “Autism Spectrum Disorder”.
In 1943, Dr. Abraham Maslow ‘s article “A Theory of Human Motivation ” appeared in Psychological Review, which were further expanded upon in his book: Toward a Psychology of Being In this article, Abraham H. Maslow attempted to formulate a needs-based framework of human motivation and based upon his clinical experiences with people, rather than as did the prior psychology theories of his day from authors such as Freud and B.F. Skinner, which were largely theoretical or based upon animal behavior. From this theory of motivation, modern leaders and executive managers find means of motivation for the purposes of employee and workforce management. Abraham Maslow’s book Motivation and Personality (1954), formally introduced the Hierarchy of Needs .The basis of Maslow’s motivation theory is that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower factors need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. According to Maslow, there are general types of needs (physiological, survival, safety, love, and esteem) that must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly. He called these needs “deficiency needs.” As long as we are motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth, toward self-actualization. Satisfying needs is healthy, while preventing gratification makes us sick or act evilly. As a result, for adequate workplace motivation, it is important that leadership understands the active needs active for individual employee motivation. In this manner, Maslow’s model indicates that fundamental, lower-order needs like safety and physiological requirements have to be satisfied in order to pursue higher-level motivators along the lines of self-fulfillment. As depicted in the following hierarchical diagram, sometimes called ‘Maslow’s Needs Pyramid’ or ‘Maslow’s Needs Triangle’, after a need is satisfied it stops acting as a motivator and the next need one rank higher starts to motivate.
Theory of achievement motivation.
Proposes a theory of motivation and emotion in which causal ascriptions play a key role. Evidence is presented indicating that in achievement-related contexts there are a few dominant causal perceptions, and it is suggested that the perceived causes of success and failure share the 3 common properties of locus, stability, and controllability, with intentionality and globalist as other possible causal structures. The perceived stability of causes influences changes in expectancy of success; all 3 dimensions of causality affect a variety of common emotional experiences, including anger, gratitude, guilt, hopelessness, pity, pride, and shame. Expectancy and affect, in turn, are presumed to guide motivated behavior. The theory therefore relates the structure of thinking to the dynamics of feeling and action. Analysis of a created motivational episode involving achievement striving is offered, and numerous empirical observations are examined from this theoretical position. The strength of the empirical evidence and the capability of this theory to address prevalent human emotions are stressed, and examples of research on parole decisions, smoking cessation, and helping behavior are presented to illustrate the venerability of the theory beyond the achievement-related theoretical focus.

Dangers of pollution are many and various. Pollution means the process of making something dirty by adding harmful substances to it. The natural conditions in which human beings, others animals and plants live are polluted by the harmful substances. Chemical and smoke are such harmful substances. Dangers to living beings may assume different forms. Waste matters like chemical substances from factories pollute water. The air is also polluted. The carbon monoxide coming out of the exhaust pipes of motor vehicles pollutes the atmosphere. Accident like those of Bhopal gas leak in India and Chernobyl nuclear explosion caused the death of many people. Pollution of air is also responsible for long diseases like asthma. Soil is another victim of pollution. Human and animal are domestic waste pollute the soil. Then there is the pollution of the sound. The blaring of car horns and the harsh sound of the loudspeakers are nothing but a social menace. Dangers of pollution can be averted by shifting factories from the residential areas. Motor vehicles should use petrol and not diesel. If the government is alert and the public is conscious dangers of pollution will not be there.
Men are totally dependence on plants. We can say no. plant no man. The oxygen we breathe to keep alive is supplied by plants. For foods, clothes, shelter and various types of medicines, we depend on plants and trees. It is scientific fact that indiscriminate cutting down of trees in vast areas of tropical forest in Brazil, Indonesia and India has affected rainfall in these countries to some extent. Deforestation is causing dangerous erosion of the rich top-soil. It is an important cause of the silting up of the dams. It is also robbing the land of its natural fertility making agriculture totally dependent on artificial fertilizers. Since the area under forest cover is decreasing rapidly owing to the insatiable demands of man, the need for plantation is urgent. More and more trees must be planted in a systematic, planned manner by the government, non-government organizations like NGO’S and the local people. We must not forget the food chain. Its means that plants feed herb-eating animals which feed the flesh-eating animals and, in turn, they keep the forests healthy by keeping down the numbers of animals which would otherwise destroy the forests. More and more plantations are the need of the hour.

Green house effect is a major problem in ecology and environment. The rays of sun, when enter a glass enclosure, they get trapped inside it and are unable to come out. Trapping of sun energy by this process is called as the greenhouse effect. In nature we observe the trapping of sun’s energy between the earth surface and the surrounding atmosphere. There is thus a greenhouse effect in nature also. It is gases like chloro-fluro
Carbons and carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere, which are responsible for the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse effect essentially means saturation of hydrochloric carbons in the atmosphere. Hydrochloric carbons are emitted by Freon gas used in refrigeration and air conditioning or ammonia chloride in cold storage houses. The direct effect of greenhouse gases is to create ozone holes in the ozone layer around the earth, which prevents harmful infrared and other ultra violet rays from reaching the earth’s surface. Ozone hole is created when the ozone layer over a particular area is converted into oxygen. This happens when chlorine atoms attack ozone and take away an oxygen atom to form chlorine monoxide ozone holes. Through the holes ultraviolet rays can enter the earth. This will increase temperature of earth surface apart from harming human beings and animals with radiation and the ice caps around north and south poles will melt increasing sea levels everywhere. This may submerge many islands and coastal areas. Greenhouse effect thus poses a great threat to humanity and many countries have passed laws to restrict use of hydrochloric carbons. Environmental degradation is the degradation of the environmental through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil, the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife. Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation into the future. Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are emitted into the atmosphere, undergo chemical transformations and are absorbed by water droplets in the clouds. Acid rain kill fish, and it can slow the growth of forests, cause leaves and needless to turn brown and fall off and die. Soil biology can be seriously damaged by acid rain. Greenhouse effect is a major problem for human beings. But we need to control the greenhouse effect and we must have to decrease all the causes of greenhouse effect for future generation and for the present generation also. If we don’t try to maintenance for ecological balance and keeping for environmental balance, otherwise human societies bound to decline very soon. So the world societies have to take the problems in ecology and environment as a challenge to keep the world less affected by greenhouse gases. So we have to take oath as to keep this world green and within ecological balance, and we must try to decrease greenhouse gases in this world. We have try to free from facing an ecological crisis.

Water pollution is a challenge for human being. Pollution of fresh water is one of the most serious environmental problems of the world. Most of rivers and lakes are polluted and their waters are unfit for drinking. It was estimated that nearly 2/3 illness of in the country like a developing country India is related to water born diseases like, dysentery, diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, jaundice, hepatitis, etc. all types of water pollution are harmful to the health of humans and animals. Water pollution may not damage our health immediately but can be harmful after long term exposure. Different forms of pollutants affect the health of animals in different ways: Industrial waste often contains many toxic compounds that damage the health of aquatic animals and those who eat them. Heavy metals from industrial processes can accumulate in nearby lakes and rivers. These are toxic to marine life such as fish and shellfish, and subsequently to the humans who eat them. Microbial pollutants from sewage often result in infectious diseases that infect aquatic life and terrestrial life through drinking water. Microbial water pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary Surface water, groundwater, microbiological, oxygen depletion, nutrient, suspended matter, and chemical. Pollution has many different forms that are not only doing damage to our environment but also to our health. Water pollution is source of many waterborne diseases, and it is responsible for deaths. The effects of water pollution are varied and depend on what chemicals are dumped and in what locations. Many bodies of water near urban areas are highly polluted. The main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills life that inhabits water-based ecosystems. Dead fish, birds, dolphins, and many other animals often wind up on beaches, killed by pollutants in their habitat. Chemicals in water can be both naturally occurring and introduced by human interference and can have serious health effects. Fluoride in the water is essential for protection against dental caries and weakening of the bones, but higher levels can have an adverse effect on health Arsenic. Arsenic occurs naturally or is possibly aggravated by over powering aquifers and by phosphorus from fertilizers. High concentrations of arsenic in water can have an adverse effect on health. Lead. Pipes, fittings, solder, and the service connections of some household plumbing systems contain lead that contaminates the drinking water source. The UN reports (world environmental day 2003) that one person in six lives without regular access to safe drinking water. Over twice that number—2.4 billion people—lack access to adequate sanitation. Water-related diseases kill a child every eight seconds, and are responsible for 80 percent of all illnesses and deaths in the developing world. Cholera outbreaks, due to water contaminated with raw sewage, occur regularly in India and Bangladesh and less frequently in many other countries. In Africa in 1997, 5,853 deaths due to cholera were reported to the World Health Organization. It is a situation, the UN said, “made all the more tragic by our long-standing knowledge that these diseases are easily preventable.” So the matter of water pollution and affect in human health is a challenge for all.

Signs and symptoms Up to 20 weeks
1. Early breast changes, i.e. breast grow bigger, darken and painful nipples.
2. Skin changes.
3. Amenorrhea i.e. missed menstrual period.
4. Morning sickness, i.e. Nausea and vomiting.
5. Frequent passing of urine.
6. Quickening felt by the mother, i.e. movement of baby.
Signs and symptoms Up to 20-36 weeks
1. Foetal heart sound.
2. Foetal movements
3. Foetal parts felt per abdomen
4. Enlarged uterus, i.e. fundal height measurement and abdominal girth measurement.
40 weeks
Fundal height comes down but flanks are full.
Check up before 12 weeks
1. Health status of mother
2. Record the pregnant women B, P. Weight, Hb, and Routine urine test.
3. Screen and detect risk factors.
4. Record of the last menstrual period (LMP).
5. Making a proper and good report.
Check up before 20 weeks
1. Detail history.
2. Hb estimation.
3. Screen for risk factors and medical conditions.
4. Record BP, weight and height.
5. General examination from head to toe.
6. Screen anemia.
7. Test urine for protein and sugar.
8. Take tetanus toxoid 1st dose.
9. Health education and counseling on diet, rest, sleep, exercise, clothing, sexual relationship and danger signals.
Women at risk in pregnancy or delivery are as follows-\
1. Age less than 18 years and more than 35 years.
2. Weight less than 38 kg and more than 70 kg.
3. Short status less than 4 feet and 10 inch or 145 cm.
4. Heart disease, diabetes and other medical problems.
5. More than 4 deliveries.
6. Problems in previous delivery.
Danger signs of pregnancy are as follows.
Bleeding or vaginal discharge, breathlessness, convulsion, swelling of face and hands, high grade fever, labor pain more than 12 hours, blurring or vision, epigastria pain, jaundice, excessive or less number of foetal movements, excessive vomiting, etc.
Every pregnant woman must get at least 3 check-ups during pregnancy.

Increase of body temperature is generally called fever. Fever is a common disease for human being. Acute fever is also a common symptom of many diseases which may be simple or serious. Causes of Fever may be viral which may be subsiding without any treatment. A large number of children it may be a symptom of an acute severe illness. We can observe fever like this, within two month child fever is severe disease. Symptom may come out like as unconsciousness or drowsy, convulsion and unable to take food or water. If found following symptom during fever then its may be malaria, symptom are like as no cough or running nose, no rash, no ear discharge, no diarrhea, no sign of in obvious infection, fever more than five days.
Malaria is transmitted by female Anopheline Mosquitoes
Signs and symptoms of Malaria are like; patients get chills or shivering for half hours followed by high fever for 8 to 12 hours. The fever comes on sometimes daily or alternate days; during fever its seen Headache, body ache and vomiting. Fever comes down after profuse sweating. It the malaria is not treated than it causes, enlarged spleen, Anaemia, weakness and by malarial parasite affects the brain, the cerebral malaria may lead to unconsciousness. But above signs symptoms it may differ and absent in young infants. In young infants all fever with chill is not malaria. Malaria fever may be associated with respiratory or gastro intestinal symptoms. So fever should be diagnosed as to find out malaria or viral fever. As to find out malaria blood smear examination should be done. But a serious case of malaria signs symptoms are like as- 103ºf or above temperature or Hyperpyrexia, convulsions or twitching of limbs or other body muscles, blurring or irregular movement of eye balls or change in vision, delirium or incoherent speech, coma or semi- consciousness. Diagnosis of malaria cannot be confirmed on clinical signs and symptoms only it should be confirmed by microscopic examination of blood. Thick and thin blood smears are collected for microscopic examination of malaria. Old malaria infection may flare up during any other illness like after childbirth, surgery, and accidents as well as in patients suffering from other infections. Chloroquine phosphate is the treatment of malaria but we must consult with doctors.
How can we control malaria?
We can control malaria to avoid mosquito bites. To avoid from mosquito bites we can use nets at night, use mosquito repellants, we can spray houses With DDT.
Malaria is a very dangerous for human beings. Malaria is transmitted by Female Anopheline Mosquitoes which are mostly found in forest site but somewhere it found in urban arrears also. Our first duty about malaria is to save ourselves from malaria and if anybody attacked by malaria than we have to proper diagnosis for malaria with blood smears which is done by microscopic examination of blood.

Eighteenth century was a time of utter chaos in Indian history. Anarchism put it�s from footstep in the Indian subcontinent and gradually the whole of the subcontinent came into its grip. The crisis of the eighteenth century is one of the most debated issues in Indian history. The loose control exercised by the central authority in Delhi over its provincial governors, the failure of the provincial governors and the authorities in collecting revenues from the local agrarian society, failure of quell agrarian revolts, the virtual collapse. Of communications and networks and consequently the failure of easy movement of goods and credit, the contraction of demand o n the part of mughal ruling class for manufactured goods and items of trade and total collapse of governance are some of the serious impacts of eighteenth century disintegration. The crisis of eighteenth century which is one of the most debated issues of the mode times. In the eighteenth century significance changes took place in the existing commercial and political systems. The political stability was disrupted throughout the country except some places like Bengal, Bombay etc. on the other hand places like Gujarat underwent a serious crisis in terms of political authority and economic stability. And yet given the degree of integration in the Indian economy, it was only natural that the crisis affected all the regions in one way or the other especially in the sectors of trade and exchange. The decline of the Mughal Empire and penetration of European commercial giants inside the Indian sub-continent had a far reaching effect on the social, economical and political structure of Indian subcontinent, the emergence of factional politics with death of Aurangzeb in 1707. Wide spread rural disturbance in the regions and eruption of Maratha raids and emergence of many regional powers and gradual strengthening of their position. In Gujarat itself the premier maritime suba of the Mughal Empire, the crisis assumed complex aspect. Due to constant Maratha raids the regions remain isolation from the hinterland. Besides rapid contraction of the hinterland deprived, Guajarati traders of the markets of northern and central India, where their import items were usually marketed. Of greater consequence was the collapse of the administration within the region after 1720, when the incursions of the Marathas and their occupation of the Athavisi in 1723. The Athavisis was a conglomerate of twenty-eight village from where surat had traditionally drawn her revenues. In surat collapsing revenue structure saw the administration taking a different course to a policy of mercantile taxation which met agitation but in vain, The loss of markets in Hindustan and an instable condition all over west Asia. Due to the increased volume of Gujarat�s exports the markets in the western Indian Ocean markets voyages proved unprofitable for others. In the following decades the situation worsened further with the expansion of the British private trade. Asian shipping gave way to British private trade as local freighters prepared to invest their cargo on European bottom in order to get rid of pirates. In a highly competitive market European traders began to dominate Indian markets. It was however instrumental in introducing the English east India company as a potential protector and political aspirant. The mass political crisis proved detrimental for surats export trade. The handy network was seriously undermined. By the 1760,s the problems of debased currency became serious. The Muslim shippers were the worst sufferer as they faced great loss from the competition of European private traders and their increasing political influence. The decline of surat was paralleled by the decay of Hooghly on the east coast. The increasing piracy in high seas forced more and more merchants to tie their cargo with English country shipping. In Bengal as else where English private trade strengthened. However the displacement of Asian merchants shipping, the rise of Calcutta and the English private traders and the articulation of their aspiration the fall out of commercial crisis of Hindustan did not bode-well. In the coming year expansion of English private trade in the Indian Ocean had far reaching effects.

Health security is the most important in human beings, if our health is not secured than societies are not secured. The universal declaration of human right states that everyone has to the right to life, liberty and security of persons. It was first put forward by the 1994 united national development programme (UNDP) Annual Human Development Report. The international Red Cross was founded in 1960s following the universal declaration of human right to develop human security among the human society. Health security means having low exposure to disease and high and proper access to health services, poor people are vulnerable to disease as they live in degraded areas and have poor, access to services or cannot afford medical care. For example, diarrhea because of poor water and sanitation services is a major cause of death among children; malaria and tuberculosis are other diseases that are in last trend in our society. The threat of AIDS has gone up tremendously and is affecting large sections of the population. For health security, preventing strategies are very important and are closely related to provision of basic services of water supply, sanitation and education. Of course, curative services and access to them as well as their utilization are crucial too. Health is an area where public action acquires tremendous significance. Public action is not limited to action by the state and includes action by non-government organizations and voluntary organizations. These organizations, other than government departments are quite active in the health field in developing nation developing countries. Their efforts have been remarkable in combating and building awareness about deadly disease like AIDS and in the on going pulse polio programme in India to provide oral drops to children below five year of age to prevent polio. We cannot imagine the human development and human security except the development of medical sciences and food security of human society. Right to life and right to liberty is the most essential for human security. Human security strengthened and emphasizes the citizen. But achievement of a human security required a global political culture having there values of human dignity and political rights. It is also linkage with environment and not out society. Environmental security is one of the most essential components of human security. Democracy and good governance are also most important for promoting human security. Civil wars, violence are the most disturbance for promoting human development and security. Strong and powerful governance structures complementing political economic and legal initiatives can enhance human security. However human security is the most essential for developing a building a good civil society. Food security is one of the most important components for human security. In this regard world food conference of 1974 set arrangements for food security for the human society. In 1996 world food summit adopted a complex food security for individual, household, national, global and regional level achievement. Food security means taking food for healthy life and secured food for every human being of the world people. Healthy food for healthy life and healthy human being is very important for our human societies. Social security is also very important for human security. In this regard education is the essential human capital for development of human security.

According to France Philosopher Renee Descartes Human body is a machine and that it functions mechanically had its repercussions in medical thought. Life is a series of chemical processes. William Harvey in 1628 a Student of Cambridge and Padua published a book Classic Book Concerning the motion of the heart and Blood. In the 18th century medical science developed by some European thinkers and by some prominent schools like as, Edinburgh in Scotland, Padua in Italy and Cambridge in England. Scottish doctors were the leaders in surgery and obstetrics in 18th century London. The treaties on the theory and practice of midwifery was published in 1752-1764 by William Smellies, this book developed the medical discipline and brought a sound change in midwifery in the modern medical system. After the great development in midwifery the safe use of obstetrical forceps, saved countless lives. The science of modern pathology also had its beginning in this world. A book named “The seats and causes of Disease investigated by anatomy“ was written by Giovanni Morgagni from Padua in 1761 developed the whole Disease investigation system. He wrote this book based on700 postmortem examination. The discovery of vaccination system saved countless lives in 18th century. Identification of vector of malaria that the anopheles mosquito in 1897. In Boston 1846 first demonstration of the use of a general anesthesia was held. This system if disciplined for surgery, and in 1847 chloroform was tired the complete success and soon it was preferred for anesthesia choice. Understanding of physiological processes was rapidly elucidated, especially in Germany where physiology became established as a distinct science under guidance of Johannes Muller a professor at the University of Berlin. In 19th century great medical advance was demonstration that certain disease and surgical infections were caused by minute living organism. This discovery changed the face of pathology and the practice of surgery. A pioneer in the parasitic theory of infection was Agostino Bassi of Italy, who showed that a disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus that could be destroyed by chemical agents. The discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roongen in 1895, and Radium by Pierre and Marie curie in 1898 developed the medical system. Preventive medicine was considered as important as the cure of disease. Sigmund Freud developed the new field of psychiatry in modern medical science. Scientifically knowledge radically altered and expanded medical practice and led to establishment of public and professional bodies to govern the standards for medical training and practice during the 19th century in modern world. The science of pharmacy emerged slowly from the traditional empiricism of the herbalist, but by the end of the 19th century there had been some solid achievements in the analysis of existing drugs and in the preparation of new one. New discoveries in biochemistry and physiology led to more precise diagnostic tests and therapies. Discovery of various diagnostics system during 19th century developed the modern medicinal and medical practices all over the world. But the almost beneficiaries of medical system Europeans, and the modern medical system first introduced in Europe. Today’s developed countries developing more and more of their medical diagnostic system and medical system.

Human society needs security for their livelihood. If there is no human security there cannot be a developed society. At the time of cold war ended, the world has seen rapid globalization of human and economic activities, along with the liberalization and the trade and investment and the marked progress of information-technology. Also at the time of globalization has provided substantial benefits including the growth of the world economy and improvements in the standard of leaving, these benefits have not necessarily gone equally to all the countries and people in the world, many problems like smuggling of arms, spread of infectious diseases, global warming, etc., have become trans-national because of globalization. After the end of cold war, we have witnessed at several places a changing in the nature of conflict with ethnic and religious conflicts increasing, with some instances of civil war. Because these changes, it is becoming necessary to come up with a new concept of security that addresses people’s vulnerability to these types of conflict, which treated their lives and livelihood, a concept that goes beyond national security are characterized as being both the cause and the result of processes of disintegration of society and the state institutions. The universal declaration of human right adopted by the UN in 1948 state that everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of person. However, the concept of human security now encompasses economics, heath, and environmental concerns as well. The specific phrase human security was first put forward by the 1994 united National Development Programme, Annual Human Development Report. While the term human security is of recent origin, the ideas that underline the concept are now new. These ideas have been around ever since the international Red Cross was founded in the 1860s, it was there in the U N Charter and it was echoed in the universal Declaration of Human Rights.
According to the article 3 of the universal declaration of human rights, the right to security of persons is a fundamental human right, together with a right to life and liberty. Human security emphasizes the need to strengthen empowerment of the citizenships. Achievement of human security requires a global political culture that is founded on shared values of human dignity and human rights. Hence important issues in human security like children in war, landmine, and ethnic conflicts should be discussed from broad human rights prospective. In essence, human security means freedom from pervasive threats to people’s rights, their safety or even their lives. A human security perspective asserts that the security of the state is not an end in itself. Rather, it is a means of ensuring security for its people. In this context, state security and human security are mutually supportive. Building an effective, democratic state that values its own people and protects minorities is a central strategy for promoting human security. The term human security recognizes the linkages between environment and society. It also recognizes two other features of the link between environment and security, first, that feedback exists between environment and security, for example, environmental degradation may result in population movement, which in turn, poses a threat to the environment. The human development approach and the development of the human development index was a major step forward in reorienting development for improvements in the lives of people and not merely economic growth. Human development is expansionist in nature and deals with increasing social services along with economic development to increase opportunities. However, this concept does not offer solution to deal with the downside. It does not effective dealt with measurement and analyze of situations where freedom are curtailed and there is deterioration in the quality of lives of people. Human security provided an enabling environment for human development. Where violence or threat of violence makes meaningful progress on the development agenda impossible, enhancing safety for people is a prerequisite. Civil wars and riot depict such situations. Promoting human development can also be an important strategy for furthering human security. By addressing inequalities that are often the root causes of violent conflict, strengthening governance structure, complementing political, economic and legal initiatives, can enhance human security. Lastly we can say that human security is the most important factors for developing human society.